THE CORE

Fruits & Votes is the Web-log of Matthew S. Shugart ("MSS"), Professor of Political Science, University of California, Davis.

Perspectives on electoral systems, constitutional design, and policy around the world, based primarily on my research interests.

Also experiences with growing many varieties of fruit (always organic) and other personal interests. Please see the Mission Statement for more. (There is also an explanation of the banner.)

Other "planters" have been invited to contribute. Please check the "Planted by" line to see the author of the post you are reading.

Join the conversation. Comments are always open. Except, that is, when Word Press mysteriously shuts them down, which happens with distressing frequency.

Core principles:

Henry Droop on the "moderate non-partisan section"

Madison on "dangers from abroad" and "the fetters... on liberty"

The Head Orchardist's other sites:

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  • 11 July 2011

    Planted by MSS
    Planted in: Around the finca


    IMG_1274

    Propagation: Seeds & scions (0)


    22 April 2011

    Planted by MSS
    Planted in: FRUITS

    It is great to have bees around. Without them, life would be fruitless.

    However, not all places where bees congregate are to my liking.


    IMG_1252

    IMG_1253

    Propagation: Seeds & scions (0)


    25 February 2011

    Planted by MSS
    Planted in: Chill hours; Weather

    The forecast says the snow level will drop to as low as 2000 feet Saturday evening, locally 1000. We are at 1500.

    It has been a really cold week, by local standards, especially for late February.

    Too bad all this chill is basically useless for the deciduous fruit trees, coming this late. We surpassed 500 chill hours earlier this month. However, we really won’t get more useful chill, as almost everything is leafing out or blooming by now. And getting snow, or freezing temperatures on the buds and blooms is not a good thing.

    But some snow would certainly be interesting…

    Propagation: Seeds & scions (1)


    24 December 2010

    Planted by MSS
    Planted in: Chill hours; FRUITS; Weather

    Thursday, early in the morning, one of the most incredible storms this region has seen finally moved out. We had 6.25 inches in just over six days, 2.76 of which fell on Wednesday; many areas to the north had a good deal more.

    It rained heavily enough for a time on Wednesday that we had a little river running through the property, not to be deterred by fresh prunings off one of the apple trees (which has several varieties that were grafted on to it last spring).


    appletree_river_22dec2010

    The main event of the rain lasted about 72.5 hours. During that time, only near the end were there as many as five straight half-hour increments (the archive time on my weather data-logger) in which no rain was recorded. At one time on 20-21 December, rain was recorded in 42 consecutive half-hour periods. That was part of a run of 123 of 132 half-hour periods in which rain was recorded. So, it rained rather persistently.

    I can recall some phases of rain over a week or so long in the past that were impressive. As recently as January of 2010, for example. And no one who lived in Southern California at the time will forget “epic” rainy periods in 1983 and 1969. But usually these involve a series of discrete heavy storms, punctuated by several hours of some sunshine and no rain. This time, as the stats above reveal, it just kept raining. And raining. There were not even any breaks in the clouds, at least during daylight hours (and the record suggests not at night, either) from Saturday afternoon till Wednesday afternoon.

    Today it was sunny and relatively warm (first time over 60 since 14 Dec.). But more rain is forecast for Saturday night and at some point during the coming week.

    It’s a bit saturated around here.


    our_lake

    We won’t have to irrigate for a while. And, thanks to that cold snap in late November, and more than a week of cool days (albeit fairly warm nights for the time of year) during the rain, we are almost to 250 chill hours already, which is good for the stone fruits.


    fruittrees in the rain

    Propagation: Seeds & scions (0)


    21 December 2010

    Planted by MSS
    Planted in: FRUITS; Weather

    In late November, we had a couple of mornings with temperatures just below freezing.

    IMG_1088

    This photo shows a hedge with some frost damage a few days later (3 Dec.), along with two other signs of the season: a Hachiya persimmon laden with fruit, and a navel orange tree with fruit just starting to color up. (The orange also shows the results of some major limb breakage from fruit weight and high winds back in October; yes that’s one orange tree).

    Fall/winter season is well underway.

    The most recent evidence of that is four straight days of essentially uninterrupted rain.

    Some more seasonal shots (all from late November or early December):

    IMG_1089
    IMG_1082
    Still more…

    Propagation: Seeds & scions (2)


    08 September 2010

    Planted by MSS
    Planted in: FRUITS; Judaism

    In ancient Israel, an indicator that an extra, “leap,” month was needed to realign the lunar calendar with the solar in time for Pesach in spring was when the almond trees were not yet blooming by Tu Bi-Shvat–the second full moon after the winter solstice. However, I have a leading indicator right now: no pomegranates!

    Tonight is the new moon closest to the autumnal equinox. So it is Rosh HaShannah. But pomegranates, a fruit often associated with the holiday, are not in the stores yet. Our own trees, moved from the former finca and pitcured below, are just getting established. That one fruit you see has since fallen and likely would not have been ripe by now anyway.


    poms5771

    So while it feels like fall, it is not. In fact, with about two weeks before the autumnal equinox, this is about as early as Rosh HaShannah can be. It seems this new year will need an extra month to keep the lunar and solar in alignment.

    In any case, here’s wishing everyone a sweet and fruitful leap year, 5771!

    Propagation: Seeds & scions (0)


    31 August 2010

    Planted by MSS
    Planted in: FRUITS; Travel

    IMG_0813.JPG

    At the port of Akko, Israel (29 July 2010).

    Propagation: Seeds & scions (0)


    25 May 2010

    Planted by MSS
    Planted in: FRUITS; Israel

    Being away from the finca, I have not had opportunities to tend the FRUIT side of the virtual orchard (let alone the real one). So, for now, this will have to do.


    citrus_on_a_rail.jpg

    Citrus juice vendor in Old City.

    Propagation: Seeds & scions (1)


    12 January 2010

    Planted by MSS
    Planted in: FRUITS

    We have been on the move. To Ramona.


    From finca to finca - 1

    Naturally, some of the most important items to be moved were fruit trees. Here are seven of them loaded up and ready to go. (more…)

    Propagation: Seeds & scions (1)


    27 November 2009

    Planted by MSS
    Planted in: FRUITS

    We had a good crop of persimmons this year at Ladera Frutal.


    tamopan_2009.jpg

    These are the ‘Tamopans.’ The heaviest crop we have had. The fruit has a unique shape and looks great hanging from the otherwise bare tree. No persimmon is as much fun to eat, and few are as tasty.


    coffeecake_2009.jpg

    The ‘Coffeecake’ (a.k.a. ‘Nishimura Wase’) also had a heavy crop this year. Unlike last year, they were also good to eat. For some reason, last year’s crop never lost its astringency and was mostly inedible. This year, we saw why the variety has been so touted for its exceptional flavor.


    chocolate_2009.jpg

    For the second time in the last three years, almost the entire ‘Chocolate’ crop set on one branch, requiring some delicate bracing with wires and netting. This may be the very best persimmon, in my experience. Last year, we had few (none?) of these fall treats.

    The crop was also heavy this year on the ‘Matsumoto Wase’ (a superior ‘Fuyu’ type). And there was a good crop on ‘Maru’ (though I found the fruit itself a bit disappointing).

    All in all, a very good year for the persimmon orchardist!

    Propagation: Seeds & scions (4)


    18 September 2009

    Planted by MSS
    Planted in: FRUITS; Judaism

    The first jujubes have started to ripen. Just in time.


    jujubes_2009.jpg

    About three years ago we developed a Ladera Frutal tradition of using the jujube (also known as the Chinese date) as the Rosh ha-Shanah “first fruit.” It is perfect, in many ways. The fruit has some apple-like qualities, but in my estimation, is even better dipped in honey (which really should be date honey) than an apple is.

    But more to the point, it always ripens right around the autumnal equinox, and Rosh ha-Shanah (literally “Head of the Year”) is the new moon closest to the equinox. Apples, on the other hand, go practically year around here.

    As the photo above makes clear, jujubes grow on trees, and therefore there need be no worries about which bracha is valid.

    The crop, of GA866 variety, is a bit light this year, though not quite as light as it appears in the photo. For some reason I took the photo after I had harvested. You can see one ripe fruit (brown) way up high in the tree. There are some light green fruit hanging on other branches; these will ripen into the new year.

    Of course, we won’t eat any till after sundown on the first of Tishri!

    May the new year be fruitful and sweet!

    Propagation: Seeds & scions (2)


    31 July 2009

    Planted by MSS
    Planted in: Stone fruits

    The ‘Earli Autumn’ apricots are quite large this year, and already close to ripe.


    two_autumn_apricots.jpg

    The ‘Earli Autumn’ is the trunk at the right of the photo, while the one to the left is another late-ripening apricot, known as ‘Autumn Glo.’ This latter variety has only a few fruits this year, and they are going to ripen somewhat later, is obvious from their lack of any ‘glo’ thus far.

    Finally, in the category of late-ripening apricots we have the ‘Autumn Royal.’


    earli_autumn.jpg

    This fruit always has a tendency to crack before it can ripen, and the fruit has also attracted considerable interest from snails. I am not confident that I’ll get to harvest any of these. From past experience, it is by far the tastiest of the three late varieties. Oh well.

    Propagation: Seeds & scions (0)


    15 July 2009

    Planted by MSS
    Planted in: Avocados


    once_a_grove.jpg

    Soon it will all be chips, but not the kind for guacamole.

    chipper-ready.jpg

    For background on how we got to this point, see this year’s Sukkot planting.

    I am often asked what I will do with the land.

    If I had the resources, maybe wine grapes, or olive trees. Both were once common in these parts, before cheap water and protected markets led to the “green gold” boom (and the fruit of the vine is making a notable comeback, even very nearby). Both crops are much more adaptable to this climate, for sure. But I do not have the resources. So, for now, think of it as a (very) late start to shmitah.

    Or maybe I should plant pinyon pine trees. Pine nuts are twenty dollars a pound at a local market.

    Propagation: Seeds & scions (2)


    25 June 2009

    Planted by MSS
    Planted in: FRUITS; Stone fruits

    The set on the Geo-Pride pluot is ridiculously heavy this year!

    geo-pride_22june09.jpg

    Propagation: Seeds & scions (0)


    24 June 2009

    Planted by MSS
    Planted in: FRUITS


    kuban_31may09.jpg
    Kuban Burgundy plum, pictured on 31 May

    Propagation: Seeds & scions (0)


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    Recent comments.

  • Is MMP in Ireland’s future? (7)
    • Wilf Day: Ireland’s Constitutional Convention is a very interesting model of an electoral reform process. It includes 66 randomly selected...
    • MSS: Yes, electoral-syste m change would require a constitutional amendment, which is why it is a topic of the Constitutional Convention. The...
    • Alan: I expect the sixth and last senate place to be decided by very small margins in a number of states. Voting below the line will have more than...
    • Tom Round: Sorry, I should clarify: A legal change to an explicit party list system would indeed require a referendum to amend the Constituti...
    • JD: Tom: I think the Irish probably DO like getting a choice among different candidates of the same party. Whether their leaders like offering that...
  • Do UK elections now allow fusion candidacies? (10)
    • Chris: UKIP’s candidates for Parliament and MEP do indeed seem to need National Executive Committee Approval before being placed on the...
    • Chris: I think the key thing in being a Conservative-UK IP candidate might not be in having both of their emblems, but in not having an UKIP...
    • MSS: Here is the text (see Jaffr’s link): After paragraph (2A) insert— “(2AA)If a candidate who is the subject of an authorisation by...
    • MSS: Let me call attention here to Jaffr. at comment #1, who notes the amendment to the ballot law was passed earlier in 2013. (This comment was...
    • Tom Round: > “would officially be Conservative-Li beral on the ballot” The UK only adopted ballot labels in the early 1970s, and...
    • DC: The Co-operative Party’s candidates run as “Labour & CooperativeR 21; (it describes itself as a sister party to Labour)....
  • Distortions of the US House: It’s not how the districts are drawn, but that there are (single-seat) districts (30)
    • Ed: This is another article where the writer attempted to draw non-partisan districts, using a set of criteria an independent commission could...
  • Does STV have anything to do with absence of “free votes” in Ireland? (16)
    • MSS: I was sort of hoping this thread would be about free votes and STV’s possible role in them, but whatever… Uruguay has primary...
    • JD: Tom: There is far more variety than that. You have for example the compulsory primaries in Argentina, parties having primaries closed to party...
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